Microbes

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mr. Manning's Life Science Class</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class"><B>home</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id28.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cell Biology">Cell Biology</A>   |   <A HREF="id29.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mitosis">Mitosis</A>   |   <A HREF="id36.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Classification">Classification</A>   |   <B>Microbes</B>   |   <A HREF="id151.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Prostista Kingdom">Prostista Kingdom</A>   |   <A HREF="id62.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Fungi">Fungi</A>   |   <A HREF="id63.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Plants">Plants</A>   |   <A HREF="id91.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</A>   |   <A HREF="id20.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</A>   |   <A HREF="id92.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Genetics">Genetics</A>   |   <A HREF="id180.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Evolution and Natural Selection">Evolution and Natural Selection</A>   |   <A HREF="id93.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Human Body">The Human Body</A>   |   <A HREF="id105.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Ecology">Ecology</A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <div> <IMG SRC="0f0f0ee0.png" border=0 width="240" height="238" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <A HREF="id224_viruses.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Viruses"><B>Viruses</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id17.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Science Topics"><B>Return to Science Topics</B></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I> <A NAME="microbes"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I>Microbes</I></div> <div> <I>Click </I><A HREF="id224_viruses.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Viruses"><I>Viruses</I></A><I> for additional information.</I></div> <div> <B><U>General Notes</U></B><B>:</B></div> <div> <B>Viruses </B>- non-living</div> <div>     <B>Characteristics</B></div> <div>         Made up of fragments of a genome, strands of nucleic acid encased in protein coats</div> <div>         Possess only one form of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA depending on the virus type</div> <div>         Cannot grow or replicate without a host</div> <div>         Replicate only utilizing host cell`s machinery</div> <div>     <B>Ecology</B></div> <div>         Important due to disease producing potential</div> <div>         Could never have existed independently as preexisting organisms</div> <div>         Viruses are often highly host-specific, reproduce only within a certain host</div> <div>     <B>Mode of action</B></div> <div>         Transmit nucleic acid component from one host cell to another</div> <div>         Nucleic acid takes over host cell and produces more viruses</div> <div>         Virulent viruses cause host cell to lyse and release new virus particles</div> <div>         Temperate viruses become established in genome of host cell</div> <div> <B><U>Bacteria</U></B><B>:</B></div> <div> <B><U>Archaea</U></B></div> <div>     many species found in extreme environments</div> <div>     thermoacidophiles - hot springs</div> <div>     halophiles - salt lakes, deep sea hydrothermal vents, involved in decomposition</div> <div>     methanogens - swamps, marshes (die in the presence of oxygen), decomposers</div> <div>     found in the gut of some animals, used to make methane from garbage</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Bacteria</U></B></div> <div>     Characteristics of most species</div> <div>         cell wall made up of peptioglycan (sugar and proteins), gram + or -</div> <div>         flagella in some species</div> <div>         no membrane-bound organelles</div> <div>         genome - sinlge strand of DNA and maybe circular DNA (plasmid)</div> <div>         reproduction by binary fission</div> <div>         some species produce endospores to survive in harsh environments</div> <div>         small size</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Metabolism and Ecology - aerobic and anaerobic</U></B></div> <div>         autotrophs</div> <div>         photosynthetic - derive energy from photosynthesis</div> <div>         chemosynthetic - derive energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, etc...)</div> <div>         heterotrophs</div> <div>         saprobes - decomposers</div> <div>         parasites</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>TB, STD's (Gonorrhea, Syphillis, Chlamydia) , Lyme Disease, tooth decay and halitosis</U></B></div> <div>             nitrogen metabolism - processing of nitrogen</div> <div>             nitrogen fixation - converts nitrogen gas directly from nitrogen in the atmosphere into ammonium that can be used </div> <div>             by plants or by the bacteria themselves (cyanobacteria with heterocyst)</div> <div>             Oxygen and prokaryotic metabolism</div> <div>             obligate aerobes - must have oxygen for cellular respiration</div> <div>             facultative anaerobes - will use oxygen in respiration when it is available but can also use fermentation to produce </div> <div>             energy for their cells</div> <div>             obligate anaerobe - only use fermentation, oxygen is poisonous</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Major forms</U></B></div> <div>         bacilli</div> <div>         cocci</div> <div>         spirilli</div> <bR> <div> Gram + bacteria - cell wall is composed almost entirely of peptidoglycan</div> <div> Gram - bacteria - cell wall is composed of an outer membrance with peptidoglycan</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>5 Major Groups of Bacteria</U></B></div> <div>         <B><U>Proteobacteria </U></B>(gram - bacteria)</div> <div>         broad diversity of species and ecologies</div> <div>         many species are symbiotic (parasites or mutualists)</div> <div>         some photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs</div> <bR> <div>        <B><U>Chlamydia</U></B></div> <div>         parasites (use ATP from host cell)</div> <bR> <div>         <B><U>Spriochetes</U></B></div> <div>         some free-living and some parasitic forms (Lyme Disease)</div> <bR> <div>         <B><U>Gram + bacteria</U></B> (includes some gram - bacteria)</div> <div>             broad diversity of species and ecologies</div> <div>             fungus-like bacteria</div> <div>             parasites - tuberculosis and leprosy</div> <div>             free-living in soil - decomposers and some species used to make antibiotics</div> <div>             spore-forming bacteria - causes botulism, other diseases (staph and strep throat infections)</div> <div>             mycoplasmas - only bacteria that lack cell wall</div> <div>             free-living in soil</div> <div>             pathogens - walking pneumonia</div> <bR> <div>         <B><U>Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae</U></B></div> <div>             photosynthetic autotrophs</div> <bR> <div>         <B><U>Putting prokaryotes to work</U></B></div> <div>            sewage treatment</div> <div>            bacteria used to clean up oil spills</div> <div>            make yogurt, acetic acid, vinegar</div> <div>            used in recombinant DNA experiments</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>This next site links you directly to the textbook which we use in class. What you find here is an "interactive" site that will reinforce or help clarify all that we cover in class. You will also find practice tests to help you learn the information and better prepare you to be successful in this course. I encourage all of you to use this site frequently. There are links to other sites that will help you understand the concepts and to see ideas / facts presented in different ways. This will help reinforce the learning process. Good luck!</B></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_explorer/Bacteria/Student_Area/SE_A_S_BK_index.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science"><I><B>http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_explorer/Bacteria/Student_Area/SE_A_S_BK_index.html</B></I></A></div> <bR> <div> <B>Try this exciting site. It will take you to a "Microbe Zoo" and you can explore the many interesting and interactive activities. To get a really upclose look at the many types of microbes and where they might be lurking.</B></div> <div> <A HREF="http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zoutline.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/"><I>http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zoutline.html</I></A></div> <bR> <div> <B>This is an excellent site. It is the PinkMonkey.com section on Viruses, the Kingdom Monera,the Kingdom Protista, the Kingdom Plantae and the Kingdom Fungi. I highly recommend you review this chapter to reinforce what we are covering in class.</B></div> <div> <A HREF="http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/biology-edited/chap14/b1400001.asp" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/su"><I>http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/biology-edited/chap14/b1400001.asp</I></A></div> <bR> <div> Bacterial  resistance to antibiotics is a growing health problem. Learn more about this by clicking on the following link.</div> <div> <A HREF="id125.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Bacterial Resistance"><I>Bacterial Resistance</I></A></div> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>