CH. 4 The Cell In Action

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mr. Manning's Life Science Class</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class"><B>home</B></A></div> <div>                                                   </div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <div> Return to</div> <div> <A HREF="index_mr__manning_s_life_science_class_website.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class">Mr. Manning's Life Science Class website</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id257_m.htm#section_1_exchange_with_the_environment" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="CH. 4 The Cell In Action">Section 1 Exchange with the Environment</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id257_m.htm#section_2_cell_energy" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="CH. 4 The Cell In Action">Section 2 Cell Energy</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id257_m.htm#section_3_the_cell_cycle" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="CH. 4 The Cell In Action">Section 3 The Cell Cycle</A></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I> <A NAME="ch__4__the_cell_in_action"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I>CH. 4  The Cell In Action</I></div> <div> <B><U>CH. 4 The Cell In Action</U></B></div> <div> <U>Outline Notes</U>:</div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="section_1_exchange_with_the_environment"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Section 1 Exchange with the Environment</B></div> <bR> <div> 1. <U>Where Do Cells Get the Materials They Need</U>?</div> <div> Materials move in and out of the cell across the cell membrane.</div> <div> Water and oxygen can cross the membrane by <I>diffusion</I></div> <bR> <div> 2. <U>What Is Diffusion</U>?</div> <div> Particles tend to move from places where they are crowded to places where they are less crowded.</div> <div> <I>High Concentration</I> is where there are a lot of one type of particle</div> <div> <I>Low Concentration</I> is where there are a few of one type of particle</div> <div> <I>Diffusion</I> is the movement of these particles from high to low concentration</div> <bR> <div> 3. <U>Diffusion Of Water</U></div> <div> Water is made of particles called <I>molecules</I></div> <div> Pure water has the Highest Concentration of water molecules: 100% of the molecules are only water</div> <div> If you add something to the pure water (ex. Food coloring) you lower the concentration of water molecules</div> <div> <B><U>Osmosis</U></B>: the <U>diffusion of water</U> molecules across a semi permeable membrane</div> <bR> <div> 4. <U>How Do Small Particles Enter and Leave a Cell</U>?</div> <div> Small particles, such as sugar, can cross the cell membrane through passageways called <I>channels</I>.</div> <div> Channels are made of proteins</div> <div> Particles travel through channels either by <B><U>Passive</U></B> or <B><U>Active Transport</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Passive Transport</U></B>: <B><U>Particles move</U></B> through the cell membrane <B><U>without using energy from the cell</U></B></div> <div> <B><U>Diffusion and Osmosis are examples of Passive Transport</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Active Transport</U></B>: The <B><U>cell has to use energy to move particles</U></B> through channels.</div> <div> <B><U>Particles usually move from low to high concentration</U></B></div> <bR> <div> 5. <U>How Do Large Particles Enter and Leave a Cell</U>?</div> <div> Large particles cannot move across a membrane</div> <div> They have to move in and out by <B><U>Endocytosis</U></B> and <B><U>Exocytosis</U></B> using ENERGY!</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Endocytosis</U></B>: happens when a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses it in a vesicle.</div> <div> The cell comes into contact with a particle</div> <div> The cell membrane begins to wrap around the particle</div> <div> Once the particle is completely surrounded, a vesicle pinches off</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Exocytosis</U></B><B>:</B> happens when a cell uses a vesicle to move a particle from within the cell to outside the cell.</div> <div> Exocytosis gets rid of waste particles</div> <div> Large particles that must leave the cell are packaged in vesicles</div> <div> The vesicle travels to the cell membrane and fuses with it</div> <div> The cell releases the particle to the outside of the cell</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>CH. 4 The Cell In Action</U></B></div> <div> <U>Outline Notes</U>:</div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="section_2_cell_energy"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Section 2 Cell Energy</B></div> <bR> <div> 1. <U>How Does A Plant Make Food</U>?</div> <div> The sun is the major source of energy for life on earth.</div> <div> Photosynthesis is the process where plants use carbon dioxide, water and the sun's energy to make food (a simple sugar called glucose) and oxygen.</div> <div> Chlorophyll (found in chloroplasts) is the main pigment used in photosynthesis.</div> <bR> <div>                                          <IMG SRC="a24c84a0.jpg" border=0 width="456" height="330" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> 2. <U>How Do Organisms Get Energy From Food</U>?</div> <div> Both plant and animal cells must break down food molecules to get energy from them.</div> <div> Two Ways -</div> <div> Cellular Respiration</div> <div> Cells use oxygen to break down food</div> <div> Produces the greatest amount of ATP</div> <div> Most eukaryotes use this process</div> <div> Fermentation</div> <div> Food is broken down without oxygen</div> <bR> <bR> <div> 3. <U>What Happens During Cellular respiration</U>?</div> <div> Cellular respiration is different from breathing</div> <div> A chemical process that happens in cells</div> <div> In eukaryotic cells it takes place in the mitochondria</div> <bR> <div> During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water and energy is released </div> <div> The energy is stored in a molecule called ATP  adenosine triphosphate</div> <div>                             <IMG SRC="a2696310.jpg" border=0 width="406" height="305" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="a284a1c0.jpg" border=0 width="330" height="284" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>The Connection Between Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration</B></div> <bR> <div>                   <IMG SRC="a2a73c60.jpg" border=0 width="627" height="710" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> 4. <U>How Is fermentation Different From Cellular Respiration</U>?</div> <div> During fermentation, cells break down glucose without oxygen.</div> <div> Used by some bacteria and fungi</div> <div> Other organisms may use fermentation when there is not enough oxygen for cellular respiration</div> <bR> <div> In humans, fermentation creates a byproduct called lactic acid</div> <div> Lactic acid makes your muscles ache if you exercise too long.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>CH. 4 The Cell In Action</U></B></div> <div> <U>Outline Notes</U>:</div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="section_3_the_cell_cycle"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Section 3 The Cell Cycle</B></div> <bR> <div> 1. <U>How Are New Cells Made</U>?</div> <div> <B>Cell Cycle</B> - the stages cells pass through during their life cycle</div> <div> The cycle starts when a cell is made and ends when the cell divides to make new cells</div> <div> <B><U>Before</U></B> a cell divides, it makes a copy of its DNA</div> <div> <B>DNA</B> (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that contains all the instructions for making new cells</div> <div> DNA is stored in a structure called <B>chromosomes</B></div> <div> Cells make copies of their chromosomes so that new cells have the same chromosomes as the parent cell</div> <div> The cell cycle is differs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells</div> <bR> <div> 2. <U>How Do Prokaryotic Cells Divide</U>?</div> <div> Prokaryotes have only one cell with no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles </div> <div> DNA is found on one circular chromosome</div> <div> <B>Binary Fission</B> is the process of cell division</div> <div> During binary fission, the cell splits into two parts</div> <div> Each part has one copy of the cell's DNA</div> <div> Example: Bacteria</div> <div> <IMG SRC="a2b7bce0.jpg" border=0 width="379" height="206" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> 3. <U>How Do Eukaryotic Cells Divide</U>?</div> <div> Different kinds of eukaryotes have different numbers of chromosomes</div> <div> Complex eukaryotes often have fewer chromosomes than simpler eukaryotes</div> <div> Ex. Potatoes have 48 chromosomes but humans have 46</div> <bR> <div> Homologous chromosomes - Pairs of similar chromosomes</div> <bR> <div> Cell cycle of a eukaryotic cell has three (3) stages:</div> <div> Interphase</div> <div> Mitosis</div> <div> Cytokinesis</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Interphase - </div> <div> First stage of the cell cycle</div> <div> The cell grows and makes copies of its chromosomes and organelles</div> <div> <B>Chromatids</B> - the two copies of the chromosomes; </div> <div> held together at the <B>centromere</B></div> <bR> <div> <B>                       <IMG SRC="a2c7dd90.jpg" border=0 width="381" height="217" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <bR> <div> Mitosis - </div> <div> Second stage of the cell cycle</div> <div> During this stage the chromatids separate allowing each new cell to get a copy of each chromosome</div> <div> Mitosis happens in four (4) phases - </div> <div> Prophase</div> <div> Metaphase</div> <div> Anaphase</div> <div> Telophase</div> <bR> <div> Cytokenisis -</div> <div> Third stage of the cell cycle</div> <div> The cytoplasm of the cell divides to form two cells (called <B>daughter cells</B>)</div> <div> The new daughter cells are identical to each other and to the original cell</div> <bR> <div> 4. <U>The Cell Cycle</U></div> <div> The following figure shows the cell cycle</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="a2ee7710.jpg" border=0 width="743" height="369" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="a30da6f0.jpg" border=0 width="730" height="367" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="a3203320.jpg" border=0 width="259" height="306" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>