CH. 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mr. Manning's Life Science Class</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class"><B>home</B></A></div> <div>                                                   </div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <div> Return to</div> <div> <A HREF="index_mr__manning_s_life_science_class_website.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class">Mr. Manning's Life Science Class website</A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id255_m.htm#section_1_the_diversity_of_cells" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="CH. 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life"><B>Section 1 The Diversity of Cells</B></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id255_m.htm#section_2_eukaryotic_cells" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="CH. 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life"><B>Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells</B></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id255_m.htm#section_3_the_organization_of_living_things" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="CH. 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life"><B>Section 3 The Organization of Living Things</B></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I> <A NAME="holt_ch__3_cells_the_basic_units_of_life"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I>Holt: </I><I>CH. 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life</I></div> <div> <B><U>CH. 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life</U></B></div> <div> <U>Outline Notes</U>:</div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="section_1_the_diversity_of_cells"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Section 1 The Diversity of Cells</B></div> <bR> <div> 1. <U>What Is a Cell</U>?</div> <div> A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all the functions necessary for life.</div> <div> All living things are made of cells.</div> <div> Unicellular - made of only one cell</div> <div> Multicellular - made of two or more cells</div> <bR> <div> Robert Hooke - 1665</div> <div> First person to describe cells</div> <div> Built a microscope - looked at cork</div> <div> placeCityCork looked like it was made of little boxes</div> <div> He called them “cells” - Latin for “little rooms”</div> <bR> <div> Anton van Leeuwenhoek - late 1600s</div> <div> Studied many kinds of cells</div> <div> Looked at tiny organisms (Protists) in pond water</div> <div> Looked at blood cells, yeast, and bacteria</div> <div> First person to see bacteria</div> <bR> <div> 2. <U>What Is the Cell Theory</U>?</div> <div> All cells have several important things in common</div> <div> These observations are known as the <I>cell theory</I></div> <div> Cell Theory has three parts</div> <div> All organisms are made of one or more cells.</div> <div> The cell is the basic unit of all living things.</div> <div> All cells come from existing cells.</div> <bR> <div> 3. <U>What Are the Parts of a Cell</U>?</div> <div> All cells have three parts in common</div> <div> Cell membrane</div> <div> Genetic material</div> <div> Organelles</div> <bR> <div> <U>Cell membrane</U>:</div> <div> All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane</div> <div> It covers and protects the cell</div> <div> Separates the cell from its surroundings</div> <div> Controls all material going in and out of the cell</div> <div> Cytoplasm - the fluid inside the cell</div> <bR> <div> <U>Generic Material</U>:</div> <div> All cells contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) at some point in their lives</div> <div> DNA carries information needed to make protein, new cells, and new organisms</div> <div> Passed from parent cells to new cells</div> <div> Controls the activities of the cell</div> <bR> <div> <U>Organelles</U>:</div> <div> Do different jobs for the cell</div> <div> Most have a membrane covering</div> <div> Different types of cells have different organelles</div> <bR> <div> 4. <U>What Are the Two Kinds of Cells</U>?</div> <div> Two basic kinds</div> <div> Without a nucleus</div> <div> Prokaryotic</div> <div> With a nucleus</div> <div> Eukaryotic</div> <bR> <div> 5. <U>What Are Prokaryotes</U>?</div> <div> Prokaryotes</div> <div> An organism made of one cell </div> <div> no nucleus</div> <div> no membrane covered organelles</div> <div> Two Types:</div> <div> Bacteria</div> <div> Archaea</div> <bR> <div> <U>Bacteria</U> -</div> <div> Most common prokaryote</div> <div> Smallest known cells</div> <div> Live almost everywhere</div> <div> In soil and water</div> <div> On or inside other organisms</div> <bR> <div> Characteristics -</div> <div> No nucleus</div> <div> Circular DNA shaped like a twisted rubber band</div> <div> No membrane-covered (or membrane-bound) organelles</div> <div> A cell wall outside the cell membrane</div> <div> A <I>flagellum</I> (plural, <I>flagella</I>), a tail-like structure that some bacteria use to help them move</div> <bR> <div> <U>Archaea</U> -</div> <div> Singular, <I>Archaeon</I></div> <div> Share these characteristics with bacteria -</div> <div> No nucleus</div> <div> No membrane-bound organelles</div> <div> Circular DNA</div> <div> A cell wall</div> <div> Have some features that No other cells have -</div> <div> Cell wall and cell membrane are made of different substances than bacteria</div> <div> Live in places where no other organisms could live</div> <div> Boiling water or placeCityhot springs</div> <div> Toxic places such as volcanic vents with sulfur</div> <div> Live in very salty water </div> <div> 6. <U>What Are Eukaryotes</U>?</div> <div> Are the largest cells - about 10 times larger than bacteria</div> <div> Organisms can have one or more cells</div> <div> Have a nucleus that holds their DNA</div> <div> Have membrane-bound organelles</div> <bR> <div> 7. <U>Why Are Cells So Small</U>?</div> <div> More than 50 human cells can fit on the dot of this letter <I>i</I></div> <div> The yolk of an egg is a large single cell</div> <div> Cells take in food and get rid of waste through their membrane (outer surface)</div> <div> As a cell gets larger it needs more food to survive</div> <div> It also produces more waste</div> <div> Hence, more materials have to come and go through the membrane (surface) of a large cell than a small cell</div> <div> Volume always grows faster than surface area</div> <div> If the cell volume gets too big, the surface are can't keep up with the food/waste requirements and cell will die</div> <div> The surface area therefore limits the size of a cell</div> <bR> <div> 8. <U>Surface Area And Volume Of Cells</U></div> <div> You can calculate the surface areas and volumes of cells</div> <div> <I>Volume of cube  =  side  x side  x side</I></div> <div> <I>Surface area of cube  =  number of sides  x area of side</I></div> <bR> <div> Small cells can take in nutrients and get rid of wastes </div> <bR> <div> <B><U>CH. 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life</U></B></div> <div> <U>Outline Notes</U>:</div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="section_2_eukaryotic_cells"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells</B></div> <bR> <div> 1. <U>What are the parts of a Eukaryotic Cell?</U></div> <div> Cell Wall</div> <div> All plants have a cell wall.</div> <div> Cell wall is a stiff structure that supports the cell and surrounds the cell membrane</div> <div> Plant cell wall is made of a type of sugar called <I>glucose</I></div> <div> Fungi (yeasts and mushrooms) have cell walls made of a sugar called <I>chitin</I></div> <div> Prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) have cell walls</div> <bR> <div> Cell membrane</div> <div> All cells have a cell membrane</div> <div> A protective barrier that surrounds the cell</div> <div> Separates the cell from the outside environment</div> <div> Contains proteins, lipids, and phospholipids</div> <div> Proteins and lipids control the movement of materials into and out of the cell</div> <bR> <div> Ribosomes</div> <div> Organelles that make proteins</div> <div> The smallest organelles</div> <div> Some float freely in Cytoplasm others are attached to membranes or to other organelles</div> <div> Ribosomes are not covered by a membrane</div> <bR> <div> Nucleus</div> <div> Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA)</div> <div> DNA has the “instructions” that tell how to make proteins</div> <div> Covered by two membranes</div> <div> Materials pass through the pores in the membranes</div> <div> Many have a “dark” area called the <I>nucleolus</I></div> <bR> <div> Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)</div> <div> Site of many cellular chemical reactions</div> <div> A system of membranes with many folds in which proteins, lipids, and other materials are made</div> <div> Part of the cell's “delivery system” transporting materials throughout the cell</div> <div> Two types:</div> <div> Rough and Smooth</div> <div> Smooth ER makes lipids and helps break down materials that could damage a cell</div> <div> Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it</div> <div> Ribosomes make proteins and the ER delivers these to other parts of the cell</div> <bR> <div> Mitochondria</div> <div> Plural - mitochondria</div> <div> Organelle in which sugar (glucose) is broken down to make energy</div> <div> The main power source for a cell</div> <div> Covered by two membranes</div> <div> Most of a cell's energy is made in the inside membrane</div> <div> The released energy is stored as “ATP” which the cell uses to do work</div> <div> About the same size as some bacteria</div> <div> Like bacteria, mitochondria have their own DNA</div> <div> This DNA is different from the cell's DNA</div> <bR> <div> Chloroplasts</div> <div> Plants and algae have chloroplasts in some of their cells</div> <div> Organelles in which photosynthesis takes place</div> <div> Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugar (glucose) and oxygen</div> <div> Animal cells do not have chloroplasts</div> <div> Chloroplasts contain <I>chlorophyll</I> a green, light sensitive pigment</div> <bR> <div> Cytoskeleton</div> <div> A web of proteins inside the cell</div> <div> Acts as both skeleton and a muscle</div> <div> Helps the cell keep its shape and helps bacteria move</div> <bR> <div> Vesicles</div> <div> A small sac that surrounds materials to be moved (in or out of cells)</div> <div> All eukaryotic cells have vesicles</div> <bR> <div> Golgi Complex (or Apparatus)</div> <div> The organelle that packages and distributes proteins</div> <div> The “UPS” “FEDEX” “Post office” of the cell</div> <div> Looks like the smooth ER</div> <div> The ER delivers lipids and proteins to the Golgi complex</div> <div> These get modified or changed and the final product is sent out in vesicles to be transported (within or without of the cell)</div> <bR> <div> Lysosomes</div> <div> Organelles that contain digestive enzymes</div> <div> These enzymes destroy worn-out or damaged organelles, wastes, and invading particles.</div> <div> Found mainly in animal cells</div> <bR> <div> Vacuoles</div> <div> A vacuole is a vesicle</div> <div> In plant and fungal cells, some vacuoles act like lysosomes</div> <div> They contain enzymes that help a cell digest particles</div> <div> Large central vacuole in plants stores water and other liquids</div> <div> Help support the cell</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>CH. 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life</U></B></div> <div> <U>Outline Notes</U>:</div> <bR> <div> <B> <A NAME="section_3_the_organization_of_living_things"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Section 3 The Organization of Living Things</B></div> <bR> <div> 1. <U>What is an Organism</U>?</div> <div> Anything that can perform life processes by itself</div> <div> Single cell is called a <I>unicellular</I> organism</div> <div> Many celled is called a <I>multicellular</I> organism</div> <bR> <div> 2. <U>What are the benefits of having many cells</U>?</div> <div> Three benefits of being multicellular</div> <div> Large size</div> <div> Longer life</div> <div> Specialization of cells</div> <bR> <div> Larger Size</div> <div> In general, a larger organism, such as an elephant, has fewer predators</div> <bR> <div> Longer Life</div> <div> Usually live longer</div> <div> The life span is not limited to the life span of just one cell</div> <bR> <div> Specialization</div> <div> Each type of a cell has a particular job</div> <div> Makes organisms more efficient</div> <bR> <div> 3. <U>What are the four level of organization of living things</U>?</div> <div> Cell</div> <div> Tissue</div> <div> Organ</div> <div> Organ System</div> <bR> <div> Cells work together as tissues</div> <div> Tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job</div> <div> Example - heart muscle tissue made of many heart muscle cells</div> <bR> <div> Tissues work together as organs</div> <div> A structure made of two or more tissues that work together to do a certain job is called an organ</div> <div> Example - The heart has muscle tissues and nerve tissues that work together</div> <bR> <div> Organs work together as organ systems</div> <div> A group of organs working together to do a job is called an organ system</div> <div> Example - An organ system such as your digestive system</div> <div> Organ systems depend on other organ systems</div> <div> Example - digestive system depends on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems for oxygen</div> <bR> <bR> <div> How does structure relate to function?</div> <div> Function is the job the part does.</div> <div> Structure is the arrangement of parts in an organism.</div> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>