Holt: CH. 2 It's Alive!! Or Is It?

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mr. Manning's Life Science Class</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class"><B>home</B></A></div> <div>                                                   </div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <div> <A HREF="index_mr__manning_s_life_science_class_website.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class">Mr. Manning's Life Science Class website</A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I> <A NAME="holt_ch__2_it_s_alive__or_is_it_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I>Holt: CH. 2 It's Alive!!  Or Is It?</I></div> <div> <B><U>CH. 2 It's Alive!!  Or Is It?</U></B></div> <div> <U>Outline Notes</U>:</div> <bR> <div> <B>Section 1 Characteristics of Living Things</B></div> <bR> <div> 1. <U>What Are All Living Things Made Of?</U></div> <div> Organism - a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently</div> <div> <U>Made of one or more Cells</U> - the smallest unit that can carry out all the activities of life</div> <div> Cells are surrounded by a cell membrane</div> <div> Cell membrane separates the cell from the outside environment  </div> <bR> <div> 2. <U>How Do Living Things respond to Change?</U></div> <div> <U>Respond to changes </U>in their environment</div> <div> Stimulus - a change that affects how an organism acts</div> <div> Can be - chemicals, light, sounds, hunger, or anything that causes an organism to react.</div> <div> Homeostasis - the act of keeping a constant environment inside an organism</div> <bR> <div> Organisms respond in different ways</div> <div> Hot - Humans sweat</div> <div> Cold - Humans shiver</div> <div> Crocodiles lie in sun to get warm</div> <div> Open their mouths to release heat</div> <bR> <div> 3. <U>How Do Organisms Have Offspring?</U></div> <div> <U>Reproduce</U></div> <div> Sexual reproduction - two parents make an offspring; offspring gets traits from both parents</div> <div> Most plants and animals</div> <div> Asexual reproduction - one parent makes offspring; offspring are identical to parent</div> <div> Most single-celled organisms and some multicellular organisms</div> <div> Ex. Hydra (buds break off to form new Hydra)</div> <div> DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid</div> <div> Contains each organism's instructions - genes (traits)</div> <div> Heredity - passing traits from parent to offspring</div> <bR> <div> 4. <U>Why Do Organisms Need Energy?</U></div> <div> <U>Need Energy</U></div> <div> All organisms need energy to live</div> <div> Most get energy from the food they eat (Heterotroph)</div> <div> Need energy to break down food, to move materials in and out of cells, and to build cells</div> <div> Use energy to keep up metabolism</div> <div> Metabolism - all of the chemical reactions that take place in the body</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> 5. <U>How Do organisms Grow?</U></div> <div> <U>Grow</U></div> <div> All organisms grow during some part of their lives.</div> <div> Single-Celled Organism</div> <div> The cell gets bigger and divides - this makes new organisms</div> <div> Multi-celled Organisms</div> <div> Gets bigger by making more cells</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Characteristics of Living Things</U></B>:</div> <bR> <div> <U>Made of one or more cells</U>                                             </div> <div> <U>Respond to Changes</U>                                           </div> <div> <U>Reproduce</U>    </div> <div> <U>Have DNA</U>                                                   </div> <div> <U>Need Energy</U></div> <div> <U>Grow</U></div> <div>   </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Section 2 The Necessities of Life</B></div> <bR> <div> 1. <U>What Do Living Things need?</U></div> <div> Almost every organism has the same basic needs</div> <div> Water, air, a place to live, and food</div> <bR> <div>  <U>Water</U></div> <div> The cells that make up your body are about 70% to 85% water</div> <div> Cells need water to keep inside environments stable</div> <div> Most chemical reactions need water</div> <div> You lose water when you breathe, sweat, or get rid of wastes</div> <div> You must constantly replace water</div> <div> Humans can only survive about 3 days without drinking water</div> <div> Kangaroo rats never drink</div> <bR> <div> <U>Air</U></div> <div> Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are some of the gases in air</div> <div> Most organisms use oxygen to help break down food for energy</div> <div> Green plants use carbon dioxide to make food</div> <bR> <div> <U>Place to Live</U></div> <div> All living things need a place to live</div> <div> This puts organisms in Competition for resources</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <U>Food</U></div> <div> All organisms need food</div> <div> Food provides - energy & nutrients</div> <div> Three ways to get food</div> <div> Producers - (Autotrophs) make their own food using energy from their environment</div> <div> Ex. Plants, some bacteria and some protists</div> <div> Photosynthesis - the process of using the sun's energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water</div> <div> Consumers - (Heterotrophs) eat other organisms to get food</div> <div> All animals are consumers</div> <div> Decomposer - break down dead organisms and animal wastes to get food</div> <div> Ex. Mushrooms (Fungi)</div> <bR> <div> 2. <U>What Do Organisms get from Food?</U></div> <div> Energy and Nutrients</div> <div> Nutrients are molecules</div> <div> Molecules - are made of two or more atoms joined together</div> <div> In living things, most molecules are combinations of</div> <div>             Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur</div> <div> Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and ATP are molecules needed by living things.</div> <bR> <div> <U>Proteins</U></div> <div> Proteins - large molecules made up of smaller molecules called amino acids.</div> <div> Living things break down proteins in food and use the amino acids to make new proteins</div> <bR> <div> Uses - </div> <div> to build or fix parts of an organism</div> <div> to protect the cell</div> <div> Enzymes - to start or speed up reactions inside a cell</div> <div> Hemoglobin - (inside a red blood cell) picks up oxygen and delivers it where it is needed</div> <bR> <div> <U>Nucleic Acids</U></div> <div> Instructions for making any part of an organism are found in DNA</div> <div> Nucleic Acid - molecules made of smaller molecules called <U>nucleotides</U></div> <div> The order of nucleotides in DNA tells cells which amino acids to use and which order to put them in.</div> <bR> <div> <U>Lipids </U></div> <div> Lipids - molecules that cannot mix with water</div> <div> Are a form of stored energy - can be broken down to release energy</div> <div> Fats - solid lipids stored in animals</div> <div> Oils - liquid lipids stored in plants</div> <div> Form cell membranes</div> <div> Phospholipids - make up a membrane</div> <div> Have a head and tail</div> <div> Head end faces toward water - tail faces away from water</div> <div> <U>Carbohydrates</U></div> <div> Carbohydrates - molecules made of sugar</div> <div> Provide and store energy for cells</div> <div> Cells breakdown carbohydrates to release energy</div> <div> Two Types -</div> <div> Simple Carbohydrates - made of one or a few sugar molecules</div> <div> Ex. Table sugar and sugar in fruits</div> <div> Ex. Glucose - the most common energy source</div> <bR> <div> Complex Carbohydrates - made of hundreds of sugar molecules linked together</div> <div> Plants store glucose as complex carbohydrates (starch)</div> <div> Ex. Whole-wheat bread, pasta, oatmeal, and brown rice</div> <bR> <div> <U>ATP</U></div> <div> ATP - a molecule that carries energy in cells</div> <div> Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>