Cell Outline

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mr. Manning's Life Science Class</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class"><B>home</B></A></div> <div>                                                   </div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#cells" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Cells</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#membranes" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Membranes</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#relationship" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Relationship</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#transport" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Transport</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#membrane_proteins" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Membrane Proteins</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#functions" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Functions</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#cell_division___mitosis" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Cell Division – Mitosis</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#chromosomes" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Chromosomes</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#animal_vs__plant" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Animal vs. Plant</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#differentiations_and_functional_specialization_of_cells" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Differentiations and Functional Specialization of Cells</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#functions_of_life" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Functions of Life</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#specialized_functions" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Specialized Functions</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#tissue" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Tissue</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#organ" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Organ</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#organ_system" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Organ System</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#relationship_1" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Relationship.1</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#calculate_magnification" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Calculate Magnification</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#specialization_of_cells" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Specialization of Cells</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id131_m.htm#differentiation" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Outline"><B>Differentiation</B></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Cell Outline</I></div> <div> <B>Topic  - Cells</B><B> <A NAME="cells"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></div> <div> <I><B>7.1 Membranes</B></I><I><B> <A NAME="membranes"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">membrane is a collage of different proteins embedded in fluid matrix of lipid bilayer </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">proteins determine most of membrane’s specific functions </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">two major types: integral and peripheral </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">integral go far enough into membrane for hydrophobic regions to be surrounded by hydrocarbon tails of membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some reach only partway across membrane, some completely span it </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">these have hydrophobic regions surrounded by hydrophilic regions that are outside membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">peripheral ones aren’t embedded in membrane at all </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">append to surface often on exposed parts of integral proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">inside cell, peripheral and integral proteins can be held in place by cytoskeleton matrix </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">also, fibres of the cytoskeleton adhere to specific membrane proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cell-cell recognition is vital to functionality of organsim </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">important in cell specialization </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">also basis of rejection of other cells (antibody recognition) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">oligosaccharides (smaller than polysaccharides) are covalently bonded to lipids in membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some form molecules called glycolipids (glyco = presence of carbos) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">most form bonds w/proteins, thus called glycoproteins </div> <div> <I><B>7.1.1 Relationship</B></I><I><B> <A NAME="relationship"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">relationship between nucleus, RER, Golgi and cell surface membrane is in protein synthesis </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">begins in nucleus (production of mRNA), mRNA attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm bound to ER </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">translates genetic material into beginning structure of protein </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">as polypeptide chain grows, flows through ER into cisternal space through pores </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">folds into specific shape, and if made for exocytosis, it’s transferred to specific section of ER </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">fuses w/transport vesicle for transport to golgi </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">protein enters golgi, enzymes shape/modify protein to final product, move through apparatus </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">then fuses w/vesicle again, sent to plasma membrane, once there it’s secreted out </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">structure of cell surface membrane similar to that of nuclear membrane, ER and Golgi </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">possible to exchange membrane sections between each </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nucleus contains all the genetic info for the creation of proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">RER has ribosomes needed to make protein, absorbed by lumen of RER, then “pinched off” through cell surface membrane </div> <div> <I><B>7.1.2 Transport</B></I><I><B> <A NAME="transport"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">vesicles transport through cell membranes via transport proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">exocytosis is secretion of macromolecules by fusing vesicles w/plasma membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">vesicle usually originates in the Golgi or the ER </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">endocytosis is formation of a vesicle around macromolecule </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">vesicle originates from membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">3 types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">phagocytosis: when cell engulfs particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it, packs it w/membrane-enclosed sac </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">pinocytosis: cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid in tiny vesicles; very unspecific in the substances transported while receptor-mediated endocytosis is very specific. </div> <div> <I><B>7.1.3 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="membrane_proteins"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Membrane Proteins</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">2 kinds of membrane proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">integral protein embedded in lipid layer. Most span all the way across the membrane, but all do not </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">peripheral proteins are proteins that are attached to the membrane on the cytoplasm side of the membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">usually attached to the exposed end of integral proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sometimes held in place by filaments in the cytoskeleton </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">can be outside or inside the membrane, all depends on polarity of protein </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">polar protein (hydrophilic) is embedded between membrane phosphate heads (extrinsic, peripheral) on outside of cell; usually attached to hydrophilic parts of integral proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nonpolar proteins (hydrophobic) are inside the membrane (intrinsic, integral) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some proteins that have both regions situate themselves so that hydrophilic part meets the phosphate heads and the hydrophobic part lies in the centre of the membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">proteins can serve as “anchors” </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">shape of cell is determined in part by organization of cytoskeleton </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">the microfilaments that make it up are connected to specific proteins in the membrane that help define the cell’s shape </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">also, the way in which the protein is attached to the cytoskeleton defines the membrane’s shape </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some membrane proteins are used in active transport or the transport of specific elements </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">called transport proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">have pores that only fit shape of specific element they are made for, thus only allowing them to enter/exit the cell </div> <div> <I><B>7.1.4 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="functions"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Functions</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">I don’t know </div> <div> <I><B>7.2 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="cell_division___mitosis"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Cell Division – Mitosis</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>7.2.1 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="chromosomes"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Chromosomes</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">mitosis, increase number of cells w/out changing genetic materials </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">interphase: DNA replicates </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">prophase: chromosomes are visible (coiling), centrioles move to opposite ends of cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">spindle formation, nucleolus invisible, nuclear membrane disintegrates </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">metaphase: chromosomes move to “equator”, metaphase plate, centromeres attach to spindle </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">anaphase: chromatids separate and move to opposite ends </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">telophase: spindle disappears, centrioles replicate, nuclear membrane appears, chromosomes unwind </div> <div> <I><B>7.2.2 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="animal_vs__plant"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Animal vs. Plant</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">process summarised as: </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">dispersing of nuclear material </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">movement of centrosomes to opposite ends of cell, microtubules develop into spindle </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">supercoiling of chromatin, attachment to spindle fibres, separation and movement of chromatids </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">animal cells have centrioles which form focus of spindle, plants don’t but still form spindle </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cytokinesis occurs in animals by pinching in of cell surface membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">microfilaments formed around cell’s equator begin to constrict </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">in plant cells, cell plate formed by vesicles from Golgi moving to equator and merging </div> <div> <I><B>7.3 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="differentiations_and_functional_specialization_of_cells"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Differentiations and Functional Specialization of Cells</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>7.3.1 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="functions_of_life"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Functions of Life</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">prokaryotes carry out all functions of life (reproduction, respiration, etc.) </div> <div> <I><B>7.3.2 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="specialized_functions"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Specialized Functions</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cells in eukaryotes differentiate to carry out specific functions </div> <div> <I><B>7.3.3 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="tissue"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Tissue</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">group of similar cells performing specific task </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">blood cells, epithelial cells, etc. </div> <div> <I><B>7.3.4 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="organ"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Organ</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">structural unit made of group of tissues which work together to perform function </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">heart, liver, etc. </div> <div> <I><B>7.3.5 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="organ_system"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Organ System</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">several organs working together to carry out specific function </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">digestive system, circulatory system </div> <div> <I><B>7.3.6 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="relationship_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Relationship</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cells > tissues > organs > organ system </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">each higher structure is made up of the lower ones </div> <div> <I><B>7.3.7 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="calculate_magnification"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Calculate Magnification</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Magnification = Diagram Size / Actual Size </div> <div> <I><B>7.3.8 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="specialization_of_cells"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Specialization of Cells</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">all cells contain all genetic information needed to make any cell throughout the body </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">only specific cells activate specific regions of DNA </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">thus they specialize by expression of some of their genes while others aren’t </div> <div> <I><B>7.3.9 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="differentiation"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Differentiation</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">differentiation of cell determined by its relative position to others & chemical gradients </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">all cells originate from zygote </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">determination of specialization can involve inheritance of different molecules or interactions between neighbouring cells </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">presence of certain cell type causes neigbouring cell to differentiate in specific way </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">called induction </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">occurs because one cell releases substance which diffuse to other cell, cause differentiation (theory) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">evidence contradictory, conclusions can’t be drawn </div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>