Ecology Outline

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mr. Manning's Life Science Class</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class"><B>home</B></A></div> <div>                                                   </div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#ecology" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Ecology</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#communities___ecosystems" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Communities & ecosystems</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#ecology_1" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Ecology.1</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#saprotroph" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Saprotroph</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#energy_relationships" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Energy Relationships</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#biomass_and_energy_transfer_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Biomass and Energy Transfer </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#carbon_cycle" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Carbon Cycle</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#populations_natural_selection__" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Populations Natural Selection &</A></div> <div> Evolution</div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#population_size" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Population Size</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#human_impact" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Human Impact</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#damage_to_ecosystem_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Damage to Ecosystem </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#ecological_techniques" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Ecological Techniques</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#abiotic_characteristics_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Abiotic Characteristics </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#random_sample" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Random Sample</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id130_m.htm#techniques_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Ecology Outline">Techniques </A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Ecology Outline</I></div> <div> <I><B>Topic  - </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="ecology"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Ecology</B></I></div> <div> <I>4.1 </I><I> <A NAME="communities___ecosystems"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I><B>Communities & ecosystems</B></I></div> <div> 4.1.1  <A NAME="ecology_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Ecology </B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ecology: study of orgs & interactions w/their enviro 4.1.2 Ecosystem </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ecosystem: collection of orgs living in comm & their interaction w/abiotic & biotic components 4.1.3 Population </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">population: all indivs of a species in their area 4.1.4 Community </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">community: all pops in area 4.1.5 Species </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">species: particular kind of org 4.1.6 Habitat </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">habitat: area/enviro in which orgs live 4.1.7 Biosphere </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">biosphere: area on earth where there is life (about 5km above/below earth) 4.1.8 Food Chain </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">food chain: sequence of orgs feeding off each other; grass ® grasshopper ® spider ® bird 4.1.9 Food Web </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">food web: elaborate, interconnected feeding relationships in ecosystem 4.1.10 Trophic Level </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">trophic level: eating/feeding level 4.1.11 The Different Levels </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">producer ® primary consumer ® secondary consumer ® tertiary consumer 4.1.13 Autotroph </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">autotroph (producer): feeds off itself, produces stuff for itself (photosyn) 4.1.14 Heterotroph </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">heterotorph (consumer): feeds off others (herbis, carnis, omnis) 4.1.15 Detritovore </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">detritivore: feeds off detritus/dead material </div> <div> 4.1.16  <A NAME="saprotroph"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Saprotroph</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">saprotroph (decomposer): feeds off dead materials, secretes enzyme to digest outside, then consume nutrients </div> <div> <I>4.2 </I><I> <A NAME="energy_relationships"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I><B>Energy Relationships:</B></I></div> <div> 4.2.14  <A NAME="biomass_and_energy_transfer_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Biomass and Energy Transfer </B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">biomass: weight of vegetation added to ecosystemper unit area per unit time; energy transfer: 5-20% goes to next level, 80-95% lost as heat, little used for growth, most for cellular resp, rest as waste (use 10% cuz accepted value) 4.2.15 Transfer Efficiency </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">energy transformations not efficient, only transfer 5-20%, use 10% as avg. 4.2.16 Pyramid of Energy </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">pyramid of energy represents feeding levels and get shorther as get higher cuz energy transfer inefficient 4.2.18 Nutrients </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nutrients recycled cuz not as mobile as energy, consumed by consumer, returned through detritivores/saprotrophs </div> <div> 4.2.19  <A NAME="carbon_cycle"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Carbon Cycle</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Understand relations between photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and fossilization 4.2.20 Saprotrophs and their role </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sapros feed off dead orgs that have absorbed inorg elements by eating other lower trophic levels, return it trough excretion </div> <div> <I>4.3 </I><I> <A NAME="populations_natural_selection__"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I><B>Populations, Natural Selection & Evolution:</B></I></div> <div> 4.3.1  <A NAME="population_size"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Population Size</B></I> </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">natality & immigration increase pop; mortality & emigration decrease pop 4.3.3 Phases </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">exponential growth: increase natality, increase resources, increase immigration; plateau: negative feedback, homeostasis; transitional phase: slowdown, food decreases, disease increases, predators increase, comp for food increases, space decreases, resources decrease 4.3.4 Carrying Capacity </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">carrying capacity: max # of a pop that can be sustained in ecosystem w/out having ecosystem/enviro past rejuvenation phases 4.3.5 Limits </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">(1) food/energy resources; (2) space/mating sites; (3) competition </div> <div> 4.3.6– 4.3.11 can all be explained by Natural Selection</div> <div> <I>4.4 </I><I> <A NAME="human_impact"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I><B>Human Impact:</B></I></div> <div> 4.4.1  <A NAME="damage_to_ecosystem_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Damage to Ecosystem </B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">greenhouse effect helps retain heat & temp to sustain life on earth, as greenhouse gases increase, temp increases too; one example is CFCs being released into air, creates more 0<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >3</FONT> molecules & as such depletes the atmosphere (16 km from earth surface), 1 CFC molecule destroys 100s of 1000s of 0<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >3</FONT> molecules 4.4.2 Cause and Effect </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">plants: ¯ in ratio of germinating/flowering; humans:  skin cancers, cataracts, depress immune system 4.4.3 Measures </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">(1) reduce/eliminate CFCs; (2) recover/recycle CFCs; (3) find alternatives in packaging/air conditioning (like Volvo did) </div> <div> <I>4.5 </I><I> <A NAME="ecological_techniques"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I><B>Ecological Techniques:</B></I></div> <div> 4.5.1  <A NAME="abiotic_characteristics_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Abiotic Characteristics </B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sampling, transect lines & quadrats </div> <div> 4.5.2  <A NAME="random_sample"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Random Sample</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">random sample: unbiased in any way; subjects chosen at random </div> <div> 4.5.3  <A NAME="techniques_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Techniques </B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Lincoln index: catch one group, mark em, release em then recapture & count; </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">pop size = (n<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT> x n<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT>) / n<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >3</FONT> </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">n<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >1</FONT> = # initially caught, marked & released </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">n<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT> = total # of indivs caught in second sample </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">n<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >3</FONT> = # of marked indivs in second sample </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">have to make sure that marking method doesn’t interfere w/life expectancy 4.5.4 Random Sampling </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">use quadrat sampling, could use grid pattern on certain area, pick random points of grid to sample 4.5.5 Evaluate Graphs </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">you have to be able to read a graph 4.5.6 Mean </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">mean: avg of data points 4.5.7 Mode </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">mode: most frequent value 4.5.8 Median </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">median: middle value in measurements, equal # of measurements above/below 4.5.9 Standard Deviation </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">standard deviation used to summarise spread of variables around mean, 68% of values fall w/in 1 s.d. 4.5.10 Calculate means/standard deviation </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">you have to be able to calculate mean & s.d.; we’ll get equations on exam 4.5.11 Standard Deviation </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">small s.d. indicates wider spread around mean, might be result of genetic of enviro factors; when comparing s.d., the closer the means, the more likely the samples are drawn from similar pop, the bigger the diff, the less likely; means don’t tell “whole story”, thus stress importance of s.d. </div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>