Genetics Outline 1

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mr. Manning's Life Science Class</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class"><B>home</B></A></div> <div>                                                   </div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#topic___genetics" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Topic - Genetics</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#chromosomes_genes_and_alleles" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Chromosomes genes and alleles</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#eukaryote" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Eukaryote</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#banding" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Banding</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#staining" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Staining</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#application_of_karyotyping" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Application of Karyotyping</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#gene" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Gene</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#allele" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Allele</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#genome" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Genome</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#gene_mutation" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Gene Mutation</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#insertiondeletion" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Insertion/Deletion</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#substitution_mutation" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Substitution Mutation</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#meiosis" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Meiosis</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#prophase_i_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Prophase I </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#metaphase_i_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Metaphase I </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#anaphase_i_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Anaphase I </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#telophase_i_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Telophase I </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#prophase_ii_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Prophase II </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#metaphase_ii_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Metaphase II </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#anaphase_ii_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Anaphase II </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#anaphase_ii_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Anaphase II </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#definition" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Definition</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#process" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Process</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#genetic_variety" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Genetic Variety</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#non_disjunction" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Non-disjunction</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#mendel_s_law" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Mendel’s Law</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#theoretical_genetics" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Theoretical Genetics</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#punnet_gridsquare" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Punnet Grid/Square</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#pedigree_chart" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Pedigree Chart</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#multiple_alleles" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Multiple Alleles</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#blood_group___codominance" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Blood Group & Codominance</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#sex_chromosomes" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Sex Chromosomes</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#sex_linkage" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Sex Linkage</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#female_carriers" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Female Carriers</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#ratios" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Ratios</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#pedigrees" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Pedigrees</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#applied_genetics" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Applied Genetics</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#genetic_screening" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Genetic Screening</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#advantagesdisadvantages" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">AdvantagesDisadvantages</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#human_genome_project" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Human Genome Project</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#advantages" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Advantages</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#clone" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Clone</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#technique_of_cloning" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Technique of Cloning</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#ethical_issues_of_cloning" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Ethical Issues of Cloning</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#crop_plant_and_animal_breeding" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Crop Plant and Animal Breeding</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id129_m.htm#cloning_video" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Genetics Outline 1">Cloning Video</A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Genetics Outline 1</I><I> </I></div> <div> <I><B> <A NAME="topic___genetics"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Topic - Genetics</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>3.1 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="chromosomes_genes_and_alleles"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Chromosomes, genes and alleles</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">chromosomes: made up of proteins called “histoids”, DNA, proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">when chromosomes are stained, they appear banded (black and white) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">identify the genes that are active </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">genes: portion of DNA molecule, codes for a specific protein (eg. enzyme, hemoglobin) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">has info to produce <U>one</U> protein </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">homologous chromosomes: chromosomes that have the same gene locii all along their length </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">trisomy 21: down-syndrome gene </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">x-chromosome & nothing: Turner’s Syndrome, sterile female, retarded </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">xxy-chromosome: male w/breasts (MeatLoaf in Fight Club) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">lifecycle of humans and every organsim alive alternates between diploid stage and haploid </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">diploid stage most familiar with, haploid stage (sperm and egg) microscopic </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sperm and egg, n chromosomes, come together and produce 2n (46); goes through mitosis </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">as soon as babt gets to adult, go through meiosis (produce cells that have n) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Mitosis: 2 cells identical to each other </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Meiosis: 4 cells, not identical at all; start w/2n, go through series of divisions, end w/4 cells (n) </div> <div> <I><B>3.1.1 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="eukaryote"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Eukaryote</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">comprised of DNA and proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cell that contains nuclear envelope </div> <div> <I><B>3.1.2 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="banding"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Banding</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">chromosomes can be stained to show bands of genetic info </div> <div> <I><B>3.1.3 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="staining"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Staining</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">karyotyping done like this </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">organize chromosomes into homologous pairs by staining them </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">use bands to match them together </div> <div> <I><B>3.1.4 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="application_of_karyotyping"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Application of Karyotyping</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">identify abnormalities of unborn children through amniocentesis (trisomy, aneuploidy, chromosomal deletions) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">take sample of amniotic fluid, karyotype done on that sample </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">characteristics of the cell and its predecessor </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">research of all kinds </div> <div> <I><B>3.1.5 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="gene"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Gene</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">separate units of DNA located on chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">don’t combine characteristics they carry, except in polygenic inheritance </div> <div> <I><B>3.1.6 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="allele"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Allele</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">alternative forms of genes that account for variations in inherited characteristics </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">one specific form of a gene, differs from other alleles (bases are slightly different) but occupies same locus on chromosome as other alleles of same gene </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">at the very least there are 2 alleles for each trait </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">blood type is one example of more than 2 alleles (A, B, O) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">skin colour has TONS </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">dominant allele: gene that is functioning and therefore produces the proteins which then produce the characteristic/trait </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">recessive allele: gene that is NOT functioning and therefore doesn’t produce the proteins needed to produce the characteristic/trait </div> <div> <I><B>3.1.7 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="genome"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Genome</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">all genetic material of an organelle, cell or organism </div> <div> <I><B>3.2 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="gene_mutation"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Gene Mutation</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>3.2.1 Gene Mutation</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">chromosome mutations are different from gene mutations </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">CMs involve large section of chromosomes (Down’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">gene mutations are smaller change, involve genetic material of one gene only </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">change in the base sequence of a gene </div> <div> <I><B>3.2.2 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="insertiondeletion"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Insertion/Deletion</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">insertion: organic base (nucleotide) added to DNA </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">deletion: organic base (nucleotide) deleted from DNA </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">can result in coding for completely different proteins, thus changing desired outcome of DNA </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">could have MAJOR impact on cell’s functionality </div> <div> <I><B>3.2.3 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="substitution_mutation"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Substitution Mutation</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">base mutations (point mutations) happen when one nucleotide is replaced by a different one </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">can affect resulting protein created </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">can cause great distortions during transcription and translation </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">DNA being read incorrectly, don’t produce correct protein </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">differing nucleotide sequence can change protein shape, thus affecting all following functions </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some mutations are inconsequential because happen in “junk” DNA </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">also might not matter because can still code for same amino acid, resulting in same protein </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sickle cell anemia is example of mutation, a polar protein is replaced by a non-polar one </div> <div> <I><B>3.3 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="meiosis"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Meiosis</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">just like in Mitosis, most action happens in prophase </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="prophase_i_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Prophase I </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nuclear membrane disintegrates, etc. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">main thing is that homologous chromosomes line up and come together </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">homologous chromosomes: 2 pairs of sister chromatids, not identical but similar </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">called tetrad, when joined in tetrad get crossing over (chiasmata/synapsis) </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="metaphase_i_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Metaphase I </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nothing splits, but homologous pairs are split and sent to separate ends </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="anaphase_i_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Anaphase I </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">homologous chromosomes sent to separate ends, begin cytokinesis </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="telophase_i_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Telophase I </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">get two new cells, homologous chromosomes in own cell </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="prophase_ii_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Prophase II </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">break down nuclear envelope, get replication of chromosomes (2n) </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="metaphase_ii_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Metaphase II </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">all genetic info is lined up on metaphase plate in random order </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="anaphase_ii_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Anaphase II </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">get actual split of sister chromatids, chromosomes go to either end of cell </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="telophase_ii_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Telophase II </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">get reformation of nuclear envelope </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">have 4 new cells (not identical to one another) w/n chromosomes </div> <div> <I><B>3.3.1 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="definition"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Definition</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">goal is to produce gametes, reduction division of chromosome numbers </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">only occurs in diploid cells, reduces number of chromosomes per cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">daughter ccells contain half number of chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">during fertilisation get to 2n, otherwise always n </div> <div> <I><B>3.3.2 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="process"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Process</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">listed above, not too bad… </div> <div> <I><B>3.3.3 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="genetic_variety"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Genetic Variety</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">separate homologous chromosomes, thus get variety in daughter cells </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ususally receive set of genes from each parent, but in meiosis it’s random </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">independent assortment occurs after replication </div> <div> <I><B>3.3.4 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="non_disjunction"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Non-disjunction</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">disjunction is the normal process of homologous chromosomes splitting in Anaphase I </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">when the homologous chromosomes don’t separate in Anaphase I get non-disjunction </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">in other words, the 2 pairs of sister chromatids remain in the same newly formed cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">can result in aneuploidy (one extra or one missing chromosome) or polyploidy (Down’s Syndrome) </div> <div> <I><B>3.3.5 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="mendel_s_law"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Mendel’s Law</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Law of Segregation: allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly reform pairs during fusion of gametes at fertilization </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">get n in gamete formation, get 2n in fertilization </div> <div> 3.3.6 Relationship</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Mendel’s law relates to genes located on chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">since the homologous chromosomes pair up and then separate, one chromosome from each homologous pair ends up in a daughter cell </div> <div> <I><B>3.4 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="theoretical_genetics"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Theoretical Genetics</B></I></div> <div> 3.4.1-3.4.10</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">genotype: alleles possesed by an organism (not seen) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">phenotype: visible expression of alleles possessed by an organism (visible) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">dominant allele: gene that is functioning and therefore produces the proteins which then produce the characteristic/trait </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">recessive allele: gene that is NOT functioning and therefore doesn’t produce the proteins needed to produce the characteristic/trait </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">codominant allele: alleles that have partial effect on phenotype when present, greatest impact when homozygous (blood type, made up of A, B, O) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">locus: particular position of gene on homologous chromosome </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">homozygous: two identical alleles of a gene </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">heterozygous: two different alleles of a gene </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">carrier: usually a heterozygous organism, carries recessive allele of a gene that doesn’t have effect on phenotype </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">test cross: test suspected heterzygote by crossing it w/known homozygous recessive </div> <div> <I><B>3.4.11 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="punnet_gridsquare"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Punnet Grid/Square</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">way to find expected ratio of offspring given specific parental phenotypes </div> <div> <I><B>3.4.12 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="pedigree_chart"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Pedigree Chart</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">used to show inheritance of certain traits over several generations </div> <div> <I><B>3.4.13 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="multiple_alleles"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Multiple Alleles</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">just like blood type </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some genes have more than two alleles </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">skin colour has a ton of alleles </div> <div> <I><B>3.4.14 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="blood_group___codominance"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Blood Group & Codominance</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">this is a prime example of multiple alleles and codominance </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A & B are codominant, and O is recessive </div> <div> <I><B>3.4.15 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="sex_chromosomes"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Sex Chromosomes</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">these chromosomes determine offspring gender </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">females = XX, males = XY </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">can be treated as any other trait, therefore can use Punnet Square to estimate offspring </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">the X chromosome (present in both sexes) is the longer of the two </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">several genes are located on the X chromosome and are absent on the smaller Y chromosome </div> <div> <I><B>3.4.17 </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="sex_linkage"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>Sex Linkage</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">genes that are carried on the sex chromosomes, most often on the X </div> <div> <I><B>3.4.18 Examples</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">colourblindness and hemophilia </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">both are recessive and are found on the X </div> <div> 3.4.19 <I><B>Sex Linkage</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">females can be homozygous dominant/recessive and heterozygous for a specific sex-linked trait </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">males can’t be heterozygous because only have 1 X chromosome </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">for hemophilia, homozygous recessive females don’t exist because would die during period </div> <div> 3.4.20  <A NAME="female_carriers"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Female Carriers</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">called carriers because don’t express gene in phenotype but can pass it on to offspring </div> <div> 3.4.21 <A NAME="ratios"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A> <I><B>Ratios</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Mendel’s First Law: law of segregation, genes are in pairs and split so that one gene is present in each daughter cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Mendel’s Second Law: law of independent assortment, any one chromosome from sister chromatids can combine w/any of another pair </div> <div> 3.4.22  <A NAME="pedigrees"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Pedigrees</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">have to be able to determine the genotypes of peoples in pedigree chart, no worries… </div> <div> <I>3.5 </I><I> <A NAME="applied_genetics"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I><B>Applied Genetics</B></I></div> <div> 3.5.1  <A NAME="genetic_screening"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Genetic Screening</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">testing a population for presence/absence of a gene </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">preventive approach to genetic disorders </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">offspring’s risk of genetic disorder assessed during early pregnancy or before conception </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">examine karyotype to determine sex, genetic abnormalities/makeup </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ultimately to be able to decide on terminating pregnancy or to interfere in other ways </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">counselling on different alternatives </div> <div> 3.5.2  <A NAME="advantagesdisadvantages"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Advantages/Disadvantages</B></I></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="635" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="417"><div> <B>Advantages</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="203"><div> <B>Disadvantages</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="417"><div> identifying long-term disabilities</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="203"><div> unnatural selection</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="417"><div> detecting problems & correcting them</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="203"><div> discrimination</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="417"><div> DNA analysis, karyotype</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="203"><div> ethical aspect, do you have the right?</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="417"><div> determine if susceptible to diseases</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="203"><div> anti-abortionists disagree w/practice</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="417"><div> prevents birth of child w/disorders, pregnancy of diseased child can be aborted</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="203"><div> involves other moral/ethical issues</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> saves financial burden of raising child w/disability</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="203"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="203" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="417"><div> can prevent people from passing on unwanted genes to offspring</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="203"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="203" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> 3.5.3  <A NAME="human_genome_project"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Human Genome Project</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">international cooperative venture to sequence entire genome of human being </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">expected to be done by 2005 </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">project to sequence the all the genes in all the chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sequence of the DNA in the genes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">undertaken by many coutnries, already gone on for 10-15 years </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">will continue probably for another 5-10 years </div> <div> 3.5.4  <A NAME="advantages"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Advantages</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">understanding of genetic diseases and subsequent cures developed </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">allow determination of genetic diseases which any individual may be prone to </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">this last point can be taken advantage of (discrimination) </div> <div> 3.5.5  <A NAME="clone"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Clone</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">group of organisms of identical genotype </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">group of cells descendants from a single parent cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">lineage of genetically identical individuals </div> <div> 3.5.6  <A NAME="technique_of_cloning"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Technique of Cloning</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">use cluster of 8 cells produced by cleavage divisions of zygote </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">completely undifferentiated (haven’t started to specialize) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cells placed in respective female uterus (in vitro), 8 genetically identical offspring should result </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">currently used for cloning genetically altered animals to produce pharmaceutical chemicals </div> <div> 3.5.7  <A NAME="ethical_issues_of_cloning"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Ethical Issues of Cloning</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">essentially, is it right to do so? </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">it may lead to superior race, etc. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">all kinds of crap like that </div> <div> 3.5.8  <A NAME="crop_plant_and_animal_breeding"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><I><B>Crop Plant and Animal Breeding</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">breed domesticated animals and crop plants over hundreds of years </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">modern agricultural techniques of breeding for disease resistance, increased food production, higher yields (milk, corn, wheat, etc.) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">selective breeding results in continuation of desired traits in offspring </div> <div> <I> <A NAME="cloning_video"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I><I><B>Cloning Video</B></I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dolly born through process w/out fertilization </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cells extracted from udder </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">egg taken from another </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">genes from other cells placed in egg </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cells divided, specialized and Dolly was born </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">theoretically can make same number of Dolly’s as are cells </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">trying to make new cows using somatic cells </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cells extraced from body of fetus </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">parent of cloned life is somatic cell not parent sperm or egg </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">uses cells from skin, should result in birth of one cow </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Hypothesis: each cell contains swet of genes and they all contain same info as all other, then specialize </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">genes that aren’t needed lay dormant </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">at one time, scientists thought genes stay dormant forever, but proven wrong through cloning </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nucleus transfer, very delicate, use a glass tube 1/100 mm thick </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">genes removed from unfertilized egg </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">egg contains no genes whatsoever, then put in skin cell from fetus, added diploid cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">shock it to get egg working </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cell fusion, wakes up dormant genes in cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">20 hours later, egg cells begin to divide </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">egg repeatedly divides once every 24 hours </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">surrogate mothers needed, 2 eggs placed in uterus of cow </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">baby will be born in 9 months, but acceptance rate of eggs is only 45% </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">want to apply it to medicine for transport medicine </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">develop pigs’ organs more like humans’; animal factory idea </div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>