Cell Biology Outline

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="02c285a1erlcgo.png"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>Mr. Manning's Life Science Class</B></FONT><B>     |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mr. Mannings Life Science Class"><B>home</B></A></div> <div>                                                   </div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000" background="02ad2c00dkelyh.png"> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#topic____cells" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><B>Topic  - Cells</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_1_cell_theory" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><B>1.1 Cell Theory</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_1_1_contributions" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.1.1 Contributions</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_1_2_advantages_of_light_microscope" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.1.2 Advantages of Light Microscope</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_1_3_advantages_of_electron_microscope" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.1.3 Advantages of Electron Microscope</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_1_4_organelle" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.1.4 Organelle</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_1_5_size" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.1.5 Size</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_1_6_surface_area_vs__volume" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.1.6 Surface Area vs. Volume</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_2_prokaryotic_cell_structure" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><B>1.2 Prokaryotic Cell Structure</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_2_2_functions" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.2.2 Functions</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_3_eukaryotic_cell_structure" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><B>1.3 Eukaryotic Cell Structure</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_3_1_origin_theory_of_endosymbiosis" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.3.1 Origin Theory of Endosymbiosis</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_3_3_functions" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.3.3 Functions</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_3_41_3_5_similarities_and_differences" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.3.4/1.3.5 Similarities and Differences</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_3_7_cell_wall" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.3.7 Cell Wall</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_4_membranes" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><B>1.4 Membranes</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_4_1_draw_diagram_of_membrane" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.4.1 Draw diagram of membrane</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_4_2_hydrophobichydrophilic_properties" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.4.2 HydrophobicHydrophilic Properties</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_4_3_diffusion" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.4.3 Diffusion</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_4_4_osmosis" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.4.4 Osmosis</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_4_5_passive_transport" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.4.5 Passive Transport</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_4_6_active_transport" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.4.6 Active Transport</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_4_7_endocytosis_vs__exocytosis" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">1.4.7 Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#1_5_mitosis" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><B>1.5 Mitosis</B></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#eukaryotic_cell" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline">Eukaryotic cell</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#two_phases_interphase_and_m_phase_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c899330000.png" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Two phases interphase and M phase </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#interphase_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c899330000.png" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">interphase </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#prophase" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c899330000.png" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">prophase</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#metaphase" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c899330000.png" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">metaphase</A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#anaphase_" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c899330000.png" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">anaphase </A></div> <div> <A HREF="id128_m.htm#telophase" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="Cell Biology Outline"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700c899330000.png" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">telophase</A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I>Cell Biology Outline</I></div> <div>  <A NAME="topic____cells"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>Topic  - Cells</div> <div> <I><B> <A NAME="1_1_cell_theory"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>1.1 Cell Theory</B></I></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_1_1_contributions"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.1.1 Contributions</B></div> <div> Robert Hooke: studied cork, names structures “cells”; 1665</div> <div> Anton van Leeuwenhoek: discovered unicellular organisms; 1675</div> <div> Matthias Schleiden: “all plants are made of cells”; 1838</div> <div> Theodore Schwann: “all animals also made of cells”; 1839</div> <div> Rudolph Virchow: “all cells come from cells”; 1855</div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_1_2_advantages_of_light_microscope"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.1.2 Advantages of Light Microscope</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1,000X magnification </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">specimen alive </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">colour </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">light </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">resolution 0.2 um </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_1_3_advantages_of_electron_microscope"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.1.3 Advantages of Electron Microscope</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1,000,000X magnification </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">specimen dead </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">electrons </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">resolution 0.2 nm </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">3D image </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_1_4_organelle"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.1.4 Organelle</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">one of several formed bodies with specialized function </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">suspended in cytoplasm </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">found in eukaryotes </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_1_5_size"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.1.5 Size</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">molecules 1 nm </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">membrane thickness 10 nm </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">virus 100 nm </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">bacteria 1 um </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">organelle up to 10 um </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cells up to 100 um </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cells are so big due to their 3D shape compared to the other stuffs </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">animal cells generally smaller than plant cells </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">yolk of egg is one cell </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_1_6_surface_area_vs__volume"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.1.6 Surface Area vs. Volume</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">if cell too large, diffusion distance too long to be efficient, SA:V ratio too small to allow change </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">V increase quicker than SA, eventually creates problem for cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">combat this by increasing SA: protruding extensions from cell, flattening of cell </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_2_prokaryotic_cell_structure"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.2 Prokaryotic Cell Structure</B></div> <div> 3 outside layers</div> <div> capsule (slime capsule/layer) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">very unique organization of matter, main ingredient is peptidoglycan molcules </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">makes it very strong, resistant to infiltrations </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">use different amino acids than what proteins use, impenetrable to certain things </div> <div> cell wall (esentially same as plant) </div> <div> plasma membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">very well protected, no true nucleus but has big chunk of DNA </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">has plasmids; extra DNA that most bacteria have, usually circular </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">carries genetic info & divides/replicates as any other </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">use this one most of the time in gene-splicing and genetic engineering </div> <div> <B>1.2.1 Draw a regular prokaryotic cell</B></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_2_2_functions"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.2.2 Functions</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ribosome: synthesize proteins using info from mRNA </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">mesosome: pocket of cell surface membrane; possible function in cellular resp. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">slime capsule: outside cell wall, made of polysaccharide or polypeptide; allows cell to stick to surfaces (soil, rocks, cells, teeth, etc.) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cell wall: made of amino sugars; protects cell, gives shape </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">flagellum: long, thin thread rotated to propel cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cell surface membrane: separates cell from enviro, maintains homeostasis </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">plasmid: circular DNA in bacteria </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">naked nucleic acid: control centre of cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cytoplasm: few organelles and enzymes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">photosynthetic membranes: possess pigments for photophosphorilation </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_3_eukaryotic_cell_structure"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.3 Eukaryotic Cell Structure</B></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_3_1_origin_theory_of_endosymbiosis"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.3.1 Origin, Theory of Endosymbiosis</B></div> <div> fossil record dates back 1.5 billion years endosymbiont theory: mitochondria and chloroplasts originally independent prokaryotes; developed in close relationship w/other prokaryote until became one</div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="605" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 39 WIDTH="146"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="39" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="146" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="200"><div> <B>Prokaryotes, Chloroplasts and Mitochondria</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="239"><div> <B>Eukaryotes</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 95 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>DNA</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="200"><div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">circular </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">not contained in chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">not contained in nucleus </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">linear </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">contained in chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">contained in nucleus </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>Ribosomes</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="200"><div> 70S</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="239"><div> 80S</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>Size</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="200"><div> 0.5-5 um</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="239"><div> 20 um</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>1.3.2 Draw generalised animal cell</B></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_3_3_functions"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.3.3 Functions</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">nucleus: largest cell organelle, contains chromatin; controls activities of cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">ribosome: made of protein and rRNA attached to RER or in cytoplasm </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">RER: system of membranes continuous w/nuclear envelope; site for protein synthesis </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">lysosome: contains digestive enzymes; intracellular digestion, “suicide bag” </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Golgi: system of membranes for intracellular transport; formation of vesicles for exocytosis </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">mitochondrion: double membrane around matrix; site for Krebs cycle/electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_3_41_3_5_similarities_and_differences"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.3.4/1.3.5 Similarities and Differences</B></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="609" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>Feature</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=2 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>Similarities</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 WIDTH="295"><div> <B>Differences</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> <B>Prokaryotes</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> <B>Eukaryotes</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>form</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> cells</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> unicellular</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> multicellular</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 56 ><NOBR><div> <B>genetic material</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> DNA</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Circular</div> <div> no chromosomes</div> <div> no nucleus</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> linear</div> <div> chromosomes</div> <div> nucleus</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>protein synthesis</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> ribosomes</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> 70S</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> 80S</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>flagellum</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> possible</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> simple</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> complex</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>cell wall</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> possible</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> polysaccharides</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> cellulose</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="146"><div> <B>respiration</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> process</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> mesosomes</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> mitochondria</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>photosynthesis</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> process</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> membranes</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="146"><div> chloroplasts</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>1.3.6</B></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="605" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="195"><div> <B>Feature</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> <B>Plant cell</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> <B>Animal cell</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="195"><div> <B>cell wall</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> present</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> absent</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="195"><div> <B>chloroplasts</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> present</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> absent</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="195"><div> <B>vacuole</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> large, permanent</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> small, temporary</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="195"><div> <B>reserve food</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> starch</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="195"><div> glycogen</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_3_7_cell_wall"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.3.7 Cell Wall</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">main function is to provide mechanical support for cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">plays important roll in <I>turgor</I>, needs to be firm because of lack of skeleton (as in animals) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">plant cells are hypertonic to enviro, take water by osmosis; cell swells and pushes against wall </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">animal cell would burst, but cell wall strong enough to hold it together </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">does this until water taken into cell equals that lost, then said to be turgid </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">allows movement of water and mineral salts across & laterally </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">made up of microfibrils; polysaccharide molecules, form long straight chains w/few covalent bonds; helps create their strength </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">good for products like paper and cotton </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_4_membranes"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.4 Membranes</B></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_4_1_draw_diagram_of_membrane"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.4.1 Draw diagram of membrane</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">fluid mosaic model proposed in 1972 by Singer and Nicolson </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">consists of phospholipid bilayer w/proteins throughout lipid molecules in between lipids have hydrophobic cholesterol molecules; if have lots of cholesterol, membrane less fluid </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_4_2_hydrophobichydrophilic_properties"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.4.2 Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Properties</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">considered to be amphipatic </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">phosphate group polar (hydrophilic); this part reacts w/water and found on surface of membrane, outside and inside </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">non-polar regions are hydrophobic tails, inside molecule to avoid contact w/water </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some mebranes have carbohydrate group attached to phosphate group, then call glycolipid </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some proteins have same deal, called glycoprotein and function as receptors for hormones, etc. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">integral proteins embedded in membrane, usually hydrophilic w/hydrophobic midsection </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">peripheral ones are found just inside membrane, hydrophilic and don’t interact w/hydrophobic </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">core proteins in membrane can be structural and/or functional can anchor cell, act as carriers, facilitate transport, electron carriers, receptors, etc. </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_4_3_diffusion"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.4.3 Diffusion</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration down gradient </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">solute is stuff being dissolved </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">solvent is medium in which solute dissolved </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_4_4_osmosis"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.4.4 Osmosis</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">passive movement of water molecules from low solute concentration to high solute concentration </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">across partially permeable membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">structures can be virtually impermeable, partially or totally permeable </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">partially permeable ones have certain structure to allow some molecules to pass through while other can’t </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_4_5_passive_transport"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.4.5 Passive Transport</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">transport proteins, some require energy & some don’t </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">when molecules flow through freely, it’s passive transport </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cell surface membrane keeps cell content together, maintains homeostasis (diffusion) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">when substances are small, carry little/no electrical charge, then pass through freely </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">passive transport doesn’t need energy, move from high to low concentration </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">facilitated diffusion, the use of hydrophilic channels (transport proteins) to allow hydrophilic things to pass by membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">doesn’t need energy, from high to low concentration </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_4_6_active_transport"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.4.6 Active Transport</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">carrier-assisted transport, membrane loaded with transport proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">makes cell highly selective in what it accepts </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">some cells need to take things that are already in high concentration, use carrier proteins </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">“sodium-potassium pump” </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">protein in membrane moves sodium out of cell and potassium into cell, sodium is high outside but still moves it out </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">diffusion across gradient, energy needed (ATP), create potential difference </div> <div> *A solution that is hypertonic will also have a higher Osmotic Pressure</div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_4_7_endocytosis_vs__exocytosis"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.4.7 Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">endocytosis: cell takes up substance by surrounding it w/membrane molecules </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">pinocytosis (fluids) called “cell drinking” and phagocytosis (solids) called “cell eating” </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">exocytosis: reverse of endocytosis, cell secretes molecules by fusing vesicles w/plasma membrane </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">vesicle from golgi moved to membrane, when come into contact lipids in membrane rearrange and fuse </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">become continuous, contents of vesicle spill to outside of cell </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="1_5_mitosis"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>1.5 Mitosis</B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cell division enables multicellular organism to grow/develop from single cell </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">also aids in repair and renewal, replacing old cells (i.e. bone marrow and blood cells) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">involves distribution of DNA to daughter cells </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">all DNA in cell is called genome </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">compact folding/coiling of DNA form chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cell preparing to divide copies genes, allocates them equally, then separates (mitosis) </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="eukaryotic_cell"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Eukaryotic cell:</B></div> <div> <B> <A NAME="two_phases_interphase_and_m_phase_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Two phases, interphase and M phase </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">the end result of mitosis is 2 identical cells (to each other & to original they came from in terms of DNA chromosomes) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">before mitosis starts, each of the chromosomes are duplicated </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">in humans its 92 (S phase) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sister chromatids, 46 of these </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">centrioles moving to opposite sides of cell, nuclear membrane breaking down </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">DNA in chromosomes (sister chromatids) can be seen </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">spindles attach to chromatids, bring centromere to metaphase plate </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="interphase_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>interphase </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">3 steps: G1, S, G2 (G for growth, S for synthesis) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">G1, typically longest phase, most proteins made during this phase </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S, cell replicates DNA in nucleus for cell division, exact copy of all DNA (only 1 copy) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">G2, cell may continue to grow & produces number of molecules </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">signals initiation of mitosis </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M phase, actual division of cells (follows in next steps) </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="prophase"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>prophase </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">where most action happens, chromatin -> chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">making of tubules/centrioles, etc. </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="metaphase"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>metaphase </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">sister chromatids line up on metaphase plate ready to be split </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="anaphase_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>anaphase </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">chromatids are separated, can call them true chromosomes (46 on each side) </div> <div> <B> <A NAME="telophase"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>telophase </B></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">starts to produce nuclear membrane around chromosomes </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">cytokinesis is where start to get plate, division of cytoplasm </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">now have 2 identical cells (DNA wise) and are in interphase again </div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>