Name: 
 

CH. 15 Bones, Muscles, and Skin


Modified True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
 

1. 
The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis. _________________________

 

2. 
The knee is an example of a ball-and-socket joint. _________________________

 

3. 
The lowest level of organization in the human body is the organ system. _________________________

 

4. 
To bend a joint, one muscle extends while another muscle returns to its original length. _________________________

 

5. 
The muscles that are under your control are called voluntary muscles. _________________________

 

6. 
Exercise helps to keep muscles healthy because exercise makes muscles thicker. _________________________

 

7. 
When the body becomes too warm, blood vessels in the skin become narrower. _________________________

 

8. 
The bones that make up your backbone are called tarsals. _________________________

 

9. 
Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow. _________________________

 

10. 
A well-balanced diet that includes the mineral calcium can help prevent osteoporosis. _________________________

 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

11. 
What structure directs the activities of a cell?
a.
nucleus
b.
cytoplasm
c.
cartilage
d.
cell membrane
 

12. 
A group of cells that perform a similar function is called
a.
an organ.
b.
an organ system.
c.
a tissue.
d.
the cytoplasm.
 

13. 
Which type of human body tissue can contract, or shorten?
a.
nerve tissue
b.
muscle tissue
c.
connective tissue
d.
epithelial tissue
 

14. 
Your stomach is lined with
a.
nerve tissue.
b.
muscle tissue.
c.
connective tissue.
d.
epithelial tissue.
 

15. 
The process by which an organism's internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment is called
a.
healing.
b.
digestion.
c.
homeostasis.
d.
respiration.
 

16. 
When a person's body needs water, the brain helps maintain homeostasis by sending signals that make the person
a.
feel thirsty.
b.
perspire.
c.
put on a sweater.
d.
feel tired.
 

17. 
The bones of the skeleton store minerals such as phosphorus and
a.
sodium.
b.
calcium.
c.
iron.
d.
potassium.
 

18. 
The bones that form the backbone are called
a.
vertebrae.
b.
metatarsals.
c.
tibia.
d.
carpals.
 

19. 
Much of a newborn baby's skeleton is made of
a.
hard bone.
b.
soft bone.
c.
cartilage.
d.
ligaments.
 

20. 
The spaces in bones are filled with
a.
blood.
b.
water.
c.
cartilage.
d.
marrow.
 

21. 
Beneath the outer membrane of bone there is a layer of
a.
blood vessels.
b.
canals.
c.
spongy bone.
d.
compact bone.
 

22. 
Which type of joint allows the greatest range of movement?
a.
pivot joint
b.
hinge joint
c.
gliding joint
d.
ball-and-socket joint
 

23. 
What kind of motion is possible with a hinge joint?
a.
rotating
b.
sliding
c.
backward or forward
d.
side to side
 

24. 
By eating dairy products, you are helping to maintain healthy bones because dairy products
a.
stimulate the growth of new bone.
b.
enable nerve tissue to grow in bone.
c.
help form the canals in bone.
d.
are good sources of calcium.
 

25. 
How does exercise help maintain healthy bones?
a.
by decreasing the need for calcium in the bones
b.
by decreasing the need for phosphorus in the bones
c.
by making bones grow stronger and denser
d.
by making bones produce stronger outer membranes
 

26. 
What is the best way to prevent osteoporosis?
a.
Exercise regularly and include calcium in your diet.
b.
Reduce exercise and add phosphorus to your diet.
c.
Eat more green vegetables and red meats.
d.
Get plenty of bedrest.
 

27. 
Which type of muscle is found only in the heart?
a.
voluntary muscle
b.
cardiac muscle
c.
smooth muscle
d.
soft muscle
 

28. 
Which type of muscle controls digestion?
a.
involuntary muscle
b.
voluntary muscle
c.
skeletal muscle
d.
cardiac muscle
 

29. 
Which type of muscle tires quickly during exercise?
a.
smooth muscle
b.
breathing muscle
c.
skeletal muscle
d.
cardiac muscle
 

30. 
How do pairs of skeletal muscles work together?
a.
Both muscles contract at the same time.
b.
Both muscles extend at the same time.
c.
While one muscle in the pair contracts, the other returns to its original length.
d.
One muscle in the pair pulls on a bone, while the second muscle pulls on the first muscle.
 

31. 
Skeletal muscles must work in pairs because
a.
muscle cells can only contract.
b.
muscle cells can only extend.
c.
it takes two muscles to move a bone in one direction.
d.
when muscles work in pairs, they tire less quickly.
 

32. 
Exercise is important for muscles because it
a.
prevents muscles from becoming tired.
b.
helps maintain strength and flexibility.
c.
gives muscles more energy.
d.
prevents muscle injuries.
 

33. 
What happens when a muscle cramps?
a.
The muscle cannot contract.
b.
The muscle is overstretched.
c.
The muscle pulls away from the bone to which it is attached.
d.
The muscle contracts strongly and stays contracted.
 

34. 
How does the skin protect the body from disease?
a.
by keeping disease-causing microorganisms outside the body
b.
by gathering information about the environment
c.
by increasing body temperature when it is cold
d.
by supplying water to the body through the pores
 

35. 
How does the skin help regulate body temperature?
a.
by removing wastes from the body
b.
by blocking information about the environment
c.
by enabling excess heat to escape from the body
d.
by allowing body temperature to change when the weather becomes warmer or cooler
 

36. 
Washing your skin helps prevent
a.
skin cancer.
b.
sunburn.
c.
chapping.
d.
acne.
 

37. 
When you drink plenty of water, you are helping to keep your skin healthy by
a.
preventing skin cancer.
b.
reducing the damage that the sun causes to skin.
c.
replacing water lost through perspiration.
d.
drowning bacteria that enter your body through the skin.
 

38. 
Nerves and blood vessels in the skin are located in the
a.
pores.
b.
dermis.
c.
epidermis.
d.
canals.
 

39. 
The living cells in the epidermis are located
a.
above the dead cells.
b.
beneath the dead cells.
c.
in the fat layer.
d.
only around hair follicles.
 

40. 
The pigment melanin in the skin functions to
a.
keep water within the skin.
b.
produce new living cells in the epidermis.
c.
help protect the skin from sunburn.
d.
surround and protect hair follicles.
 

Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
 

41. 
The shape of the human body is different from the shape of a turtle's body because the shapes of the human and the turtle ____________________ are different.
 

 

42. 
The wrist is a type of movable joint known as a(n) ____________________ joint.
 

 

43. 
One way to keep bones healthy is to get regular ____________________ in the form of activities such as running.
 

 

44. 
Bones are strong and hard because they contain the minerals ____________________ and phosphorus.
 

 

45. 
The brain is composed mostly of ____________________ tissue.
 

 

46. 
The reaction of your body and mind to threatening or challenging events is called ____________________.
 

 

47. 
The type of involuntary muscle that moves food through the digestive tract is called ____________________ muscle.
 

 

48. 
Skeletal muscles work by ____________________, or becoming shorter and thicker.
 

 

49. 
A(n) ____________________ in a muscle occurs when the muscle contracts strongly and stays contracted.
 

 

50. 
The ____________________ in skin provide information about such things as pressure and pain.
 

 

51. 
The ____________________ protects the delicate tissue of the brain.
 

 

52. 
The layer of skin that contains nerves and blood vessels is the ____________________.
 

 

53. 
As an infant grows, hard bone replaces most of the ____________________ that forms an infant's skeleton.
 

 

54. 
The ____________________ is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
 

 

55. 
A muscle is attached to a bone by a connective tissue called a(n) ____________________.
 

 

56. 
Skin cells produce ____________________, which helps the digestive system absorb calcium.
 

 

57. 
A colored substance called ____________________ helps to protect the skin from burning.
 

 

58. 
Limiting sun exposure helps to prevent skin ____________________, a disease in which cells divide uncontrollably.
 

 

59. 
Washing your skin can help prevent a bacterial infection of the skin called ____________________.
 

 

60. 
A kind of connective tissue called a(n) ____________________ holds together the bones in movable joints.
 

 

Short Answer
 
 
ch-_15_bones-_muscl_files/i0650000.jpg
 

61. 
Which type of joint is Joint A?
 

62. 
Which type of joint is Joint C?
 

63. 
Which joints are movable? Which are immovable?
 

64. 
Which joint is a pivot joint?
 

65. 
What kind of motion does Joint A allow?
 

66. 
Which joint provides the greatest range of movement?
 
 
ch-_15_bones-_muscl_files/i0720000.jpg
 

67. 
Where in the body is muscle type A (cardiac muscle) found?
 

68. 
Which type of muscle is indicated by B?
 

69. 
Which type of muscle is indicated by C?
 

70. 
Which type of muscle tissue-A, B, or C-is found in the stomach? What is this type of muscle tissue called?
 

71. 
Tell whether each type of muscle tissue is voluntary or involuntary.
 

72. 
When you use a pencil for writing, which type of muscle-A, B, or C-moves your fingers?
 

Essay
 

73. 
Name three bones that protect internal organs and name the organs they protect.
 

74. 
What is homeostasis? What are some physical effects of stress on homeostasis?
 

75. 
List and describe the functions of the four basic types of tissue in the human body.
 

76. 
Describe how skin helps maintain body temperature if a person becomes too warm.
 

77. 
Are bones dead or alive? Explain your answer.
 

78. 
Compare and contrast the movements of pivot joints and gliding joints.
 

79. 
Explain how skeletal muscles work as a pair to bend and straighten the arm at the elbow.
 

80. 
Describe the life cycle of epidermal cells.
 



 
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