Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or
phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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1.
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Part
or all of the notochord of vertebrates is replaced by a nerve cord as the animal becomes an
adult. _________________________
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2.
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The
temperature of an endotherm is usually warmer than its environment.
_________________________
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3.
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The
waste product carbon dioxide is removed from a fish's blood through its gills.
_________________________
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4.
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Hagfishes and lampreys are jawless fishes.
_________________________
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5.
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The
hearts of most amphibians have two upper chambers called ventricles, which receive blood.
_________________________
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6.
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Amphibians are best adapted to living in dry, sunny environments.
_________________________
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7.
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Reptiles have moist, tough skins covered with scales.
_________________________
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8.
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Reptile eggs have shells that are soft and leathery.
_________________________
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9.
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All
snakes are herbivores. _________________________
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10.
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Fossil evidence indicates that fishes were the earliest vertebrates.
_________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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11.
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To
which phylum do vertebrates belong? a. | Arthropoda | b. | Chordata | c. | Porifera | d. | Echinodermata | | |
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12.
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At
some point in their lives, all chordates have a flexible supporting rod in their backs called
a a. | notochord. | b. | gill. | c. | nerve
cord. | d. | backbone. | | |
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13.
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What
does the backbone protect in a vertebrate? a. | the heart and lungs | b. | the
notochord | c. | the spinal cord | d. | the pharyngeal
cord | | |
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14.
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The
latest group of vertebrates to arise was probably the a. | fishes. | b. | reptiles. | c. | mammals. | d. | birds. | | |
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15.
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If an
animal is an ectotherm, it has a. | a skeleton on the outside of its
body. | b. | a skeleton on the inside of its body. | c. | a body that
controls its internal temperature. | d. | a body that does not produce much internal
heat. | | |
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16.
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When
the temperature of the environment changes, the body temperature of a reptile a. | changes. | b. | stays the same. | c. | always
increases. | d. | always decreases. | | |
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17.
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An
animal whose body temperature does not change much, even when the temperature of the environment
changes, is called a. | a temperature regulator. | b. | a cold-blooded
animal. | c. | an endotherm. | d. | an
ectotherm. | | |
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18.
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Fish
take in oxygen through their a. | fins. | b. | gills. | c. | scales. | d. | vertebrae. | | |
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19.
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Most
of a fish's movements are related to a. | finding a mate. | b. | escaping from
predators. | c. | obtaining oxygen. | d. | feeding. | | |
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20.
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Most
fishes reproduce by means of a. | budding. | b. | regeneration. | c. | external fertilization. | d. | internal
fertilization. | | |
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21.
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What
type of fish is a lamprey? a. | a bony fish | b. | a jawless
fish | c. | a cartilaginous
fish | d. | an endothermic
fish | | |
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22.
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Which
of the following fish has a skeleton made of hard bone? a. | a
shark | b. | a ray | c. | a
goldfish | d. | a hagfish | | |
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23.
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The
scales of all cartilaginous fish are a. | located in pockets on the sides of the
head. | b. | pointed and toothlike. | c. | overlapping,
like shingles on a roof. | d. | located within the swim bladder. | | |
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24.
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What
is the function of a swim bladder? a. | to control buoyancy | b. | to eliminate
excess oxygen | c. | to help digest food | d. | to process body
wastes | | |
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25.
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What
has drastically reduced populations of certain kinds of fish that people use for
food? a. | overfishing | b. | disease | c. | habitat
destruction | d. | damage to the fishes' reproductive
organs | | |
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26.
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Why
is "fish farming" helpful in dealing with the problem of decreasing numbers of
fish? a. | Fish raised in
fish farms taste better than fish caught in rivers and oceans. | b. | It reduces the
demand for fish caught in rivers and oceans. | c. | It is easier to
sell fish from fish farms than to sell fish that have been caught. | d. | It reduces
interest in sport fishing. | | |
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27.
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Most
adult amphibians can obtain oxygen through a. | gills and lungs. | b. | gills and thin,
moist skin. | c. | lungs and thin, moist skin. | d. | lungs
only. | | |
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28.
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How
many chambers are there in a typical adult amphibian's heart?
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29.
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One
difference between frogs and toads is that toads a. | do not undergo metamorphosis. | b. | have a
four-chambered heart. | c. | live their entire lives on land. | d. | have dry, bumpy
skin. | | |
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30.
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The
toe pads of tree frogs are an adaptation that help the frogs a. | reproduce. | b. | defend themselves from predators. | c. | capture
prey. | d. | move from twig to twig. | | |
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31.
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Amphibians are especially sensitive to changes in the environment
because a. | few amphibians
have camouflage. | b. | their eggs are tough and leathery. | c. | they do well
only in sunny areas. | d. | their skin is very thin. | | |
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32.
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An
adult reptile can survive on dry land because its kidneys a. | help support the
weight of the reptile's body. | b. | produce concentrated urine. | c. | help the
reptile's cells obtain oxygen. | d. | keep the reptile's skin from drying
out. | | |
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33.
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Which
of these organs help a reptile keep water in its body? a. | skin and
heart | b. | skin and kidneys | c. | heart and
kidneys | d. | heart and lungs | | |
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34.
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How
is a reptile egg different from an amphibian egg? a. | It is covered with protective jelly. | b. | It has a soft,
leathery shell. | c. | It must be kept in shallow water. | d. | It does not
release carbon dioxide. | | |
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35.
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What
is one way in which a reptile's egg is adapted to survive on land? a. | The egg has a
hard, rigid shell. | b. | The egg has membranes that help keep the embryo
moist. | c. | The embryo has an air tube to get oxygen directly from the
air. | d. | The embryo's
skin keeps water in the egg. | | |
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36.
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One
major difference between lizards and snakes is that lizards a. | have
legs. | b. | are herbivores. | c. | can live in very
cold climates. | d. | can regenerate damaged limbs. | | |
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37.
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Which
of the following statements is true of the feeding behavior of all snakes? a. | They are
carnivores. | b. | They inject venom through fangs. | c. | They chew their
prey with sharp fangs. | d. | They strangle their prey. | | |
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38.
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Of
the kinds of reptiles alive today, the largest are the a. | venomous
snakes. | b. | turtles and tortoises. | c. | alligators and
crocodiles. | d. | iguanas and other lizards. | | |
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39.
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Fossils are usually found in a. | mud. | b. | rocks formed inside volcanoes. | c. | desert
sand. | d. | sedimentary rock. | | |
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40.
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Which
of these is LEAST likely to be learned by studying a fossil? a. | the approximate
age of the fossil | b. | how the species changed over time | c. | what type of
skin the animal had when it was living | d. | whether the species was an invertebrate or a
vertebrate | | |
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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41.
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At
some point in their lives, all chordates have ____________________ in their throat
area.
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42.
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Mammals and birds are descended from the group of vertebrates known as
____________________.
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43.
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An
ectotherm's body temperature changes depending on the temperature of its
____________________.
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44.
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Mammals and ____________________ are the two groups of vertebrates that are
endotherms.
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45.
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Structures that help fish move are called ____________________ and typically consist
of a thin membrane stretched across bones.
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46.
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One
difference between sharks and most fishes is that sharks have ____________________
fertilization.
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47.
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Sharks, rays, and skates have skeletons made of ____________________.
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48.
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Most
bony fishes have an organ called a(n) ____________________, which allows a fish to stabilize its body
at different depths.
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49.
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The
demand for fish caught in rivers and oceans can sometimes be reduced by raising fish in places called
____________________.
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50.
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A
tadpole loses its gills and develops lungs during the process called
____________________.
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51.
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Amphibians that keep their tails as adults are known as
____________________.
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52.
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Strong skeletons and muscular limbs adapt amphibians for movement on
____________________.
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53.
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Lungless salamanders that live on land exchange gases through their
____________________.
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54.
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A
reptile's kidneys excrete wastes in a watery fluid called ____________________.
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55.
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Tiny
holes in a reptile's shell allow the embryo to get rid of the waste called
____________________.
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56.
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The
____________________ inside a reptile's egg provides the embryo with food.
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57.
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The
bony parts of a turtle's ____________________ are made from a turtle's ribs and
backbone.
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58.
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Alligators and crocodiles use their ____________________ to swim through the
water.
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59.
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Rock
formed from layers of sand that have been cemented together is called ____________________
rock.
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60.
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Fossil evidence indicates that amphibians are descended from
____________________.
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Short Answer
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61.
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According to the diagram, when did the first vertebrates appear?
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62.
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According to the diagram, when did the first cartilaginous fishes
appear?
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63.
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A
represents an early vertebrate. Which groups of vertebrates evolved from vertebrate A?
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64.
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B
represents a vertebrate that evolved later than vertebrate A. Which groups of vertebrates evolved
from vertebrate B?
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65.
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According to the diagram, are birds more closely related to reptiles or to amphibians?
Explain your reasoning.
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66.
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Which
of the vertebrate groups in the diagram are ectotherms? Which groups are endotherms?
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67.
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Is
the animal in the diagram a cartilaginous fish or a bony fish? Explain your reasoning.
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68.
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Identify the structure labeled A and describe its function.
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69.
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Identify structure B and describe its function.
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70.
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Identify the structures labeled C and describe their function.
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71.
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Describe the path followed by blood after it leaves the heart of a fish.
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72.
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What
does the swim bladder contain? What is the function of the swim bladder?
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Essay
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73.
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Describe the functions of a vertebrate's skeleton.
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74.
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How
do sweating, fur, and feathers help keep endotherms' body temperatures stable?
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75.
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Describe three adaptations fishes have for feeding.
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76.
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Compare and contrast the mouths and skeletons of the three major groups of
fish.
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77.
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Identify two ways in which snakes and lizards are alike. Then identify two ways in
which they are different from one another.
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78.
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Explain why amphibians are especially sensitive to pollution of water by
chemicals.
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79.
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Explain the function of each of the three membranes of the eggs of
reptiles.
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80.
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How
can you tell a frog from a toad?
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